Oral controlled release dosage form

ABSTRACT

A dosage form that provides a controlled release solid dosage form for the oral administration of a central nervous system stimulant, preferably methylphenidate hydrochloride.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/179,830, filed on Jul. 11, 2011, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/726,024, which wasfiled on Dec. 2, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,988,993 on Aug. 2,2011, and which claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/431,954, which was originally filed on Dec. 9,2002.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the improved dosing of medication.Specifically, this invention improves the therapeutic effect of acentral nervous system stimulant such as methylphenidate hydrochlorideby delivering the medication over a predetermined period of time. In thepresent invention an initial immediate dose of the central nervoussystem stimulant is delivered followed by a second controlled dose ofthe medication from a single oral dosage form. The invention helpsimprove patient compliance and decreases the need for additional dailydoses of the medication.

2. Description of the Related Art

Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant used to treatAttention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention-Deficit HyperactivityDisorder (ADHD), available commercially as, e.g. RITALIN SR®, CONCERTA™,METADATE™ CD capsules and METEADATE™ ER Tablets. The beneficial resultsseen by clinicians in the treatment of ADD and ADHD has resulted inwidespread use of methylphenidate in more than two million patientsannually. Methylphenidate exists in four separate optical isomers,l-threo, d-erythro, d-threo and l-erythro, with the threo pair ofenantiomers (racemate) of methylphenidate hydrochloride generallyadministered for the treatment of ADD and ADHD. Methylphenidatehydrochloride is a mild central nervous system stimulant withpharmacological properties similar to that of amphetamines. The sideeffects which are associated with the use of methylphenidate includeanorexia, weight loss, insomnia, dizziness and dysphoria.Methylphenidate is categorized by the DEA as a Schedule II controlledsubstance because it produces a euphoric effect when administeredintravenously or through inhalation or ingestion, and thus carries ahigh potential for abuse.

Numerous sustained release formulations of methylphenidate which providefor a slow release of the medication over a predetermined period of timehave been developed and some of these formulations are described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,340,476, 6,344,215, 6,372,254, 6,368,626, 5,837,284 and6,034,101, incorporated herein by reference. However, whenmethylphenidate is delivered at a steady state over a sustained periodof time, acute tolerance often develops. The undesirable clinicaleffects of steady state sustained release formulations are overcome bymultiple dosing whereby the intensity of the therapeutic effects of themethylphenidate can be maintained.

The sustained release tablet form of methylphenidate hydrochloridedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,101 and incorporated herein byreference, comprises a sustained release tablet that provides anascending dose of the drug. This does not model the multiple doseadministration of immediate release methylphenidate hydrochloridetablets. Controlled release of the medication is achieved by a hydrogelmatrix.

The sustained release formulation of methylphenidate described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,837,284 and incorporated herein by reference, is made up oftwo groups of particles. One group provides a substantially immediatedose of methylphenidate drug, the other supplies a dose ofmethylphenidate delayed by about 2 to 7 hours.

Sustained release formulations of methylphenidate have been developed,which provide for the slow release of the drug over the course of theday. However it has been observed that peak plasma concentrations of thedrug are lower when sustained release formulations are used. Studieshave shown that sustained release formulations of methylphenidate havebeen shown to have lower efficacy than conventional dosage forms.

Although the prior art controlled release formulation provide steadyincreases in the blood level of methylphenidate hydrochloride, they maybe less than desirable because their delivery rates do not mimic theplasma profile of multiple dose regimens known to prevent tolerance.

To overcome the previously mentioned problems with sustained delivery ofmethylphenidate, the present invention provides the needed deliverysystem whereby the drug can be administered in a single dose and providethe needed delivery rate so that tolerance to its effects will notdevelop. Furthermore, a single effective daily dose will eliminate therisk of theft or loss of the second dose and increase the medicationsoverall therapeutic value.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a novel unitary dosage formulation of a centralnervous system stimulant which provides for an enhanced dosage deliveryefficiency which effectively reproduces the effects of multiple dosetherapy. The active ingredient is delivered such that plasma peaks andtroughs experienced in multiple dosing are present. Thus, the inventionprovides a single dose delivery system that attains the desiredtherapeutic multiple dosing regimen plasma levels.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a unitary controlledrelease solid dosage form for the oral administration of a centralnervous system stimulant such as methylphenidate hydrochloride. Thepharmaceutical formulation contains a drug core or tablet, a controlledrelease coating surrounding the core or tablet, an immediate releaselayer applied to the controlled release coating and an optionallyaesthetic overcoat covering. The core tablet is a mixture of the activepharmaceutical compound, a diluent, a binding agent and optionally otherconventional processing aids such as anti-sticking agents, fillers andglidants. The controlled release coating surrounds the core tablet andis comprised of an enteric polymer and optionally other conventionalprocessing aids such as surfactants, plasticizers and anti-stickingagents. The immediate release drug layer is applied over the controlledrelease coating and is a mixture of active ingredient, a binder, and anoptionally a stabilizer. An overcoat or aesthetic coating may be appliedto the final dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is a controlled releasepharmaceutical dosage formulation for oral administration comprising acore with a central nervous system stimulant, an enteric polymersurrounding the core and an immediate release layer comprising a centralnervous system stimulant and a stabilizer, wherein the formulation whenadministered to humans exhibits one of the following characteristics:(a) a maximum plasma concentration up to about 20 ng/ml, preferably, amaximum plasma concentration of about 3 to about 20 ng/ml; (b) anAUC₀₋₂₄ up to about 200 ng/ml, preferably, an AUC₀₋₂₄ of about 30 toabout 200 (ng hr)/ml; (c) a T_(max) of about 3 to about 12 hours; or anycombination of the foregoing.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is a controlled releasepharmaceutical dosage formulation for oral administration comprising acore with a central nervous system stimulant, an enteric polymersurrounding the core and an immediate release layer comprising a centralnervous system stimulant and a stabilizer. Wherein, the activeingredient when administered to humans is characterized by a plasma peakfor the immediate release layer (T_(max1)) between 1 and 5 hours, aplasma peak for the controlled release core (T_(max2)) between 4 and 12hours, and a plasma trough (T_(min)) between 2 and 7 hours in betweenthe two peak plasma levels.

Other objects, features and advantages of the invention are not taughtin the prior art but will be more apparent to those versed in the artfrom the following specifications, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting mean plasma concentration, under fastingconditions, of a single controlled release dose of methylphenidatehydrochloride from the formulation as described in Example 1 in ng/mlover a 24 hour period of the verses the mean Plasma concentration of anequivalent dose of the commercially available controlled release form ofmethylphenidate (CONCERTA™).

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the dissolution profile over a 24 hourperiod in water-1% pepsin for the formulation as described in Example 1.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting mean plasma concentration, under fastingconditions, of a single controlled release dose of methylphenidatehydrochloride from the formulation as described in Example 2 in ng/mlover a 24 hour period of the verses the mean Plasma concentration of anequivalent dose of the commercially available controlled release form ofmethylphenidate (CONCERTA™).

FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the dissolution profile of a preferredembodiment of the present invention. The graph shows the dissolution for36 mg methylphenidate HCl controlled release tablets as described inBatch 1 of Example 3 over a 10 hour period.

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the dissolution profiles of a preferredembodiment of the present invention. The graph shows the dissolution for36 mg methylphenidate HCl controlled release tablets as described inBatch 2 of Example 3 over a 10 hour period.

FIG. 6 is a graph depicting the dissolution profile in a pH 7.5phosphate buffer solution of the formulation as described in Example 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a controlled release formulation of a centralnervous system stimulant, preferably methylphenidate and itspharmaceutically acceptable salts, for oral administration, saidformulation comprising:

(1) a core comprising:

-   -   (a) central nervous system stimulant such as methylphenidate and        its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomers or        pharmaceutically acceptable mixture thereof;    -   (b) a binding agent;    -   (c) a diluent; and

(2) a controlled release coating surrounding the core comprising;

-   -   (a) an enteric polymer;    -   (b) a plasticizer; and    -   (c) optionally a anti-sticking agent; and

(3) an immediate release drug layer comprising;

-   -   (a) a central nervous system stimulant, preferably        methylphenidate and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts,        isomers or pharmaceutically acceptable mixture thereof;    -   (b) a binder; and    -   (c) optionally a stabilizer; and

(4) optionally an overcoat comprising;

-   -   (a) a coating agent.

The core of the present invention comprises about 1-50% based on thetotal weight of the core of a central nervous system stimulant andpreferably 5-40% and most preferably 10-25% of the total weight of thecore.

The core should also comprise a binding agent. The binding agent can beany type of material commonly known in the pharmaceutical art.Acceptable binder materials can be polymeric, non-polymer, water solubleor water insoluble. Preferably, the binding agent employed in the coreis a water soluble, gels or swells in the presence of water. Some of thecommonly known binders are acacia, alginic acid, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, dextrin,ethylcellulose, gelatin, liquid glucose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,carboxyvinyl polymer, methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, lowmolecular weight polyethylene oxide polymers, hydroxyethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), gums,acrylate polymers, methacrylate polymers, maltodextrin and mixtures ofthe foregoing. The preferred binder for use in the core ishydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, such as the material sold as Methocel®K-100M. The amount of binder in the core should comprise 1 to about 50%of the total weight of the core and preferably about 3 to about 40% ofthe total weight of the core.

The core may optionally contain a diluent or filler. If a diluent orfiller is employed in the core, it can be any type of diluent commonlyknown in the art such as sugars, starches or vegetable oils. Examples ofsome preferred diluent are lactose monohydrate, calcium carbonate,calcium sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, dextrin,dextrose, maltitol, maltose, starch, sucrose or talc. In a preferredembodiment of the present invention, the diluent used in the core of thetablet is lactose monohydrate. If a diluent is used in the core, theamount should be about 1% to about 95% based on the total weight of thecore, preferably 25% to 90% based on the total weight of the core, andmost preferably about 40% to about 85% based on the total weight of thecore.

The core may also optionally contain a lubricant agent. Lubricant agentsare used to facilitate manufacturing of the formulation, some examplesof suitable anti-sticking agents include, talc, glyceryl monostearates,calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate,and polyethylene glycol, and are preferably present at no more thanapproximately about 0.05 to about 15% based upon the total weight of thecore, preferably about 0.1 to about 10% based upon the total weight ofthe core and most preferably about 0.5 to about 5% based upon the totalweight of the core.

The core of the present invention is preferably formed by mixing thecore ingredients and tableting the mixture using techniques commonlyknown in the art. The core may also be formed by granulating the coreingredients and compressing the granules with or without the addition ofan anti-sticking agent into a tablet.

In a preferred embodiment the core is subsequently coated with acontrolled release coating. This controlled release coating in appliedby conventional coating techniques, such as pan coating or fluid bedcoating using solution, suspension or dispersion of polymeric materialin water or suitable organic solvents. A particularly preferredcontrolled release coating employs an enteric polymer. The controlledrelease coating comprises about 2 to about 50 weight percent of thecoated core preferably about 5 to about 30 weight percent of the coatedcore. Preferably, the enteric polymer employed in the controlled releasecoating is selected from the group consisting of zein, methacrylic acidcopolymers, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulosephthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, celluloseacetate trimellitate, shellac, polyvinyl acetate phthalate or mixturesthereof. The amount of enteric polymer material in the controlledrelease coating is preferably about 5 to about 95 weight percent,preferably about 10 to about 70 weight percent based on the total weightof the controlled release coating. In a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, a mixture of zein and methacrylic acid copolymer isemployed. The methacrylic acid copolymer is selected from the group ofenteric polymers, preferably Eudragit S (poly(methacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate) 1:2). The preferred ratio of zein to methacrylic acidcopolymer is 1:5 to 5:1 with the most preferred ratio being 2:1 to 4:1.

The controlled release coating also preferably contains plasticizers.Plasticizers which may be used include any of those known to thoseskilled in the art, including but not limited to, acetyltributylcitrate, triacetin, acetylated monoglyceride, rape oil, olive oil,sesame oil, coconut oil, poloxamer, acetyltriethyl citrate, glycerin,sorbitol, diethyloxalate, diethylmalate, diethylfumerate,dibutylsuccinate, diethylmalonate, dioctylphthalate, dibutylphthalate,dibutylsebacate, triethyl citrate, tributylcitrate, glyceroltributyrate,polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof. Thepreferred plasticizer is acetyltributyl citrate. The amount ofplasticizer employed in the controlled release coating can range fromabout 0.1 to about 30%, preferably about 0.5 to about 15% and mostpreferably about 1 to about 5% based on the total weight of thecontrolled release coating.

The controlled release coating may also include an anti-sticking agentsuch as those selected from the group consisting of talc, colloidalsilica dioxide, magnesium stearate, magnesium silicate, glycerylmonostearates, calcium stearate or steric acid. The preferredanti-sticking agent is talc. If an anti-sticking agent is employed inthe controlled release coating, the amount employed should range fromabout 10 to about 70 percent, and most preferably 20-60% based on thetotal weight of the coating.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a second coating isapplied to the controlled release coating to form an immediate releaseportion of the dosage formulation. This second or immediate releaselayer is comprised of the pharmaceutically central nervous systemstimulant and a binder that preferably is a pharmaceutically acceptablewater-soluble or rapidly dispersing material. The binder employed can beany type of binding agent commonly known in the art such as thosedescribed above. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, thebinder for the immediate release coating is a water soluble polymer suchas hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, commercially available under the tradename Methocel® E-5. A preferred composition, the binder should compriseabout 40 to about 70% of the total weight of the immediate release layerand preferably about 45 to about 60 weight percent of the total weightof the immediate release layer.

The immediate release coating may also contain a stabilizer for thepharmaceutically active compound. In a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, a stabilizer is a material that causes the pH of theimmediate release coating solution to have a pH of about 7 or below. Thepreferred stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of organicacids, inorganic acids, acid addition salts, buffers and combinationsthereof. The most preferred stabilizers are organic acids such asfumaric acid. The preferred concentration of the stabilizer is about0.001 to about 10%, preferably about 0.005 to about 5% and mostpreferably about 0.01 to about 2% based upon the total weight of theimmediate release coating.

Finally, the immediate release coating may be coated with an overcoat,polishing coat or color coat using any of the methods commonly known inthe industry.

The dissolution profile of the dosage form prepared according to thepresent invention is pH dependent and should exhibit the followingdissolution profile when tested in a USP type 2 (paddle) apparatus at 50rpms in 900 ml of phosphate buffer with a of pH 7.5 and at 37° C.

DRUG RELEASED Time (hours) Preferred Most Preferred 1 1-35%  5-30% 25-40% 10-35% 4 * NLT 25% NLT 30% 10   NLT 70% NLT 80% * NLT = Not LessThan

In the preparation of the tablets of the invention, various conventionalwell known solvents may be used to prepare the granules and apply theexternal coating to the tablets of the invention. In addition, variousdiluents, excipients, anti-sticking agents dyes, pigments, dispersantsetc. which are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 20^(th)Edition, 2000, and the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, ThirdEdition, by Arthur H. Kibbe, which are incorporated herein by reference,may be used to optimize the formulations of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF TILE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Example 1

A batch of once a day controlled release methylphenidate tablets inaccordance with the present invention is prepared by first formingmethylphenidate cores containing approximately 22 mg of methylphenidateHCl, and 14 mg methylphenidate HCl in the immediate release layer asfollows:

(a) Core

73.35 g of methylphenidate HCl and 396.65 g of lactose monohydrate, NF,25.0 g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel K-100M Premium), 2.5 gof colloidal silicon dioxide (CAB-O-SIL) are delumped by passing thecompounds through a 20 mesh screen and then mixed with in a suitableblender for 20 minutes. 2.5 g of magnesium stearate is screened andadded to the drug mixture and blended for an additional 5 minutes. Afterall the ingredients are blended together, the mixture is compressed intotablets using a rotary press fitted with 9/32″ round standard concavepunches. The target hardness is about 5 kp.

The core tablets are then coated with a controlled release coating asfollows:

(b) Controlled Release Coating

8.40 g of methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit S 100), 25.24 g of zeinNF (regular Grade F4000), 2.81 g acetyltributyl citrate NF, and 33.68 gof talc USP are dispersed in 312.53 g of isopropyl alcohol USP and 56.77g of purified water (USP) while stirring with a homogenizer. Anadditional 28.10 g of isopropyl alcohol is used to rinse the homogenizerand other equipment. The rinse isopropyl alcohol is added to the coatingsuspension. The coating suspension is then sprayed onto the tablets in afluidized bed coater employing the following conditions: exhausttemperature of 25-35° C.; atomization pressure of approximately 1 bar;and a spray rate of 2-6 mL/min.

Once the controlled release coating suspension has been applied to thecore tablets, the controlled release coated tablets are transferred fromthe fluidized bed coater onto drying trays and placed in an oven at55-65° C. for approximately 16 hours to allow curing of the coating.Once the controlled release coated tablets are cured, an immediaterelease methylphenidate HCl coating is applied to the controlled releasecoated tablets as follows:

(c) Immediate Release Coat

19.202 g of methylphenidate hydrochloride, 19.202 g of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Methocel® E5 Premium) and is dissolved in 245.636 g ofpurified water USP. The mixture is rinsed with 100 g of purified waterUSP and then 8.951 g of Opadry® White YS-1-7003 is dispersed into 80.559g of water and mixed for 1 hour. The drug solution is sprayed onto thecontrolled release tablets using a fluidized bed coater employing thefollowing conditions: exhaust temperature of 40-50° C.; atomizationpressure of approximately 1 bar; and a spray rate of 2-5 ml/min.

Once the immediate release coating solution has been consumed, theOpadry® dispersion is sprayed on the tablets. The immediate releasecoated tablets are dried in the fluidized bed coater for approximately20 minutes. The final tablets have approximately 14 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl in the immediate release coating and approximately22 mg of methylphenidate HCl in the core.

The resulting tablets were tested in human subjects along with CONCERTA™brand methylphenidate HCl tablets. In a randomly assigned test thesubjects were given either a single dose of 36 mg of methylphenidatecontrolled release formulation described herein or an equivalent amountin a single dose of CONCERTA™ brand sustained release methylphenidateHCl tablet. The results of the in vivo testing are provided in TABLE 1as depicted by the graph in FIG. 1.

TABLE 1 Mean Plasma concentration Methylphenidate controlled releaseCONCERTA ™ 2 hr 7.1 ng/ml 4.5 ng/ml 4 hr 4.7 ng/ml 5.5 ng/ml 6 hr 6.4ng/ml 9.3 ng/ml 8 hr 7.4 ng/ml 8.4 ng/ml 12 hr  3.8 ng/ml 4.9 ng/ml 18hr  1.1 ng/ml 1.4 ng/ml

Dissolutions studies for drug release from the formulation of Example 1were conducted with USP apparatus No 1, at 100 rpm in 500 ml of Water-1%Pepsin at intervals over 24 hours are as follows in TABLE 2 as depictedin graph in FIG. 2.

TABLE 2 % dissolved 1 hour  37% 2 hours 37% 3.5 hours   38% 5 hours 39%7 hours 40% 12 hours  55% 24 hours  104% 

Example 2

A batch of once a day controlled release methylphenidate tablets inaccordance with the present invention is prepared by first formingmethylphenidate cores containing approximately 28 mg of methylphenidateHCl, and 8 mg methylphenidate HCl in the immediate release layer asfollows:

(a) Core

93.35 g of methylphenidate HCl, 351.65 g of lactose monohydrate, NF,50.0 g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel K-100M Premium) and2.5 g of colloidal silicon dioxide (CAB-O-SIL) are delumped by passingthe compounds through a 20 mesh screen and then mixed in a suitableblender for 20 minutes. 2.5 g of magnesium stearate is screened andadded to the drug mixture and blended for an additional 5 minutes. Afterall the ingredients are blended together, the mixture is compressed intotablets using a rotary press fitted with 9/32″ round standard concavepunches. The target hardness is about 5 kp.

The core tablets are then coated with a controlled release coating asfollows:

(b) Controlled Release Coating

8.40 g of methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit S 100), 25.24 g of zeinNF (regular Grade F4000), 2.81 g acetyltributyl citrate, NF and 33.68 gof talc USP are dispersed in 312.53 g of isopropyl alcohol USP and 56.77g of purified water (USP) while stirring with a homogenizer. Anadditional 28.10 g of isopropyl alcohol is used to rinse the homogenizerand other equipment. The rinse isopropyl alcohol is added to the coatingsuspension. The coating suspension is then sprayed onto the tablets in afluidized bed coater employing the following conditions: exhausttemperature of 25-35° C.; atomization pressure of approximately 1 bar;and a spray rate of 2-6 ml/min.

Once the controlled release coating suspension has been applied to a lotof core tablets, the controlled release coated tablets are transferredfrom the fluidized bed coater onto drying trays and placed in an oven at55-65° C. for approximately 16 hours to allow curing of the coating.Once the controlled release coated tablets are cured an immediaterelease methylphenidate HCl coating is applied to the controlled releasecoated tablets as follows:

(c) Immediate Release Coat

10.889 g of methylphenidate hydrochloride, 10.889 g of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Methocel® E5 Premium) and is dissolved in 220.261 g ofpurified water USP. The mixture is rinsed with 50 g of purified waterUSP and then 8.251 g of Opadry® White YS-1-7003 is dispersed into 74.259g of water and mixed for 1 hour. The drug solution is sprayed onto thecontrolled release tablets using a fluidized bed coater employing thefollowing conditions: exhaust temperature of 40-50° C.; atomizationpressure of approximately 1 bar; and a spray rate of 2-5 ml/min.

Once the immediate release coating solution has been consumed, theOpadry® dispersion is sprayed on the tablets. The immediate releasecoated tablets are dried in the fluidized bed coater for approximately20 minutes. The final tablets have approximately 8 mg of methylphenidateHCl in the immediate release coating and approximately 28 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl in the core.

The resulting tablets were tested in human subjects along with CONCERTA™brand methylphenidate HCl tablets. In a randomly assigned test thesubjects were given either a single dose of 36 mg of methylphenidatecontrolled release formulation described herein or an equivalent amountin a single dose of CONCERTA™ brand sustained release methylphenidateHCl tablet. The results of the in vivo testing are provided in TABLE 3as depicted by the graph in FIG. 3.

TABLE 3 Mean Plasma concentration Methylphenidate controlled releaseConcerta ™ 2 hr 3.5 ng/ml 4.5 ng/ml 4 hr 3.3 ng/ml 5.5 ng/ml 6 hr 7.7ng/ml 9.3 ng/ml 8 hr 7.9 ng/ml 8.4 ng/ml 12 hr  4.2 ng/ml 4.9 ng/ml 18hr  1.4 ng/ml 1.4 ng/ml

Example 3

Once a day controlled release methylphenidate tablets in accordance withthe present invention are prepared by first forming methylphenidatecores containing approximately 27 mg of methylphenidate HCl, and 9 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl in the immediate release layer as follows:

(a) Core

3.708 kg of methylphenidate HCl and 15.656 kg of lactose monohydrate,NF, 1.030 kg of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel K-100M Premium),0.103 kg of colloidal silicon dioxide (CAB-O-SIL) are delumped bypassing the compounds through a 20 mesh screen and then mixed in anappropriate blender, then screened and blended again. 0.103 kg ofmagnesium stearate is screened and added to the drug mixture and blendedfor an additional 5 minutes. After all the ingredients are blendedtogether, the mixture is compressed into tablets using a rotary pressfitted with 17/64″ round standard concave punches. The target hardnessis about 6 kp.

The core tablets are then coated with a controlled release coating asfollows:

(b) Controlled Release Coating

0.242 kg of methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit S 100), 0.725 kg ofzein NF (regular Grade F4000), 0.081 kg acetyltributyl citrate, NF and0.967 kg of talc USP are dispersed in 9.000 kg of isopropyl alcohol USPand 1.631 kg of purified water (USP) while stirring with a homogenizer.An additional 0.787 kg of isopropyl alcohol is used to rinse thehomogenizer and other equipment. The rinse isopropyl alcohol is added tothe coating suspension. The coating suspension is then sprayed onto thetablets in a pan coater employing the following conditions: producttemperature of 30° C.; atomization pressure of approximately 20 psi; anda spray rate of approximately 30 ml/min. Remove 0.225 kg of coatedtablets after spraying 11.18 kg of dispersion corresponding to a 15%weight gain of coated tablets (Batch 1).

Once the controlled release coating suspension has been applied to a lotof core tablets to give approximately 17.5% weight gain of coatedtablets (Batch 2). The controlled release coated tablets are transferredfrom the fluidized bed coater onto drying trays and placed in an oven at55-65° C. for approximately 16 hours to allow for curing of the coating.Once the controlled release coated tablets are cured an immediaterelease methylphenidate HCl coating is applied to the controlled releasecoated tablets in two batches as follows:

(c) Immediate Release Coat

(i) Batch 1

In the first batch, 10.931 g of methylphenidate hydrochloride, 10.931 gof hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel® E5 Premium) is dissolved in211.760 g of purified water USP. The mixture is rinsed with 46.76 g ofpurified water USP. 6.862 g of Opadry® White YS-1-7003 is dispersed into61.760 g of water and mixed for 1 hour. The drug solution is sprayedonto a 200 g batch of controlled release tablets having 15% coatinglevel (Batch 1), using a fluidized bed coater employing the followingconditions: product temperature of 45±5° C.; atomization pressure of1±0.5 bar; and a spray rate of 2-5 ml/min.

Once the immediate release coating solution has been consumed, theOpadry® dispersion is sprayed on the tablets. The immediate releasecoated tablets are dried in the fluidized bed coater for approximately20 minutes. The final tablets have approximately 9 mg of methylphenidateHCl in the immediate release coating and approximately 27 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl in the core.

(ii) Batch 2

In the second batch, 10.624 g of methylphenidate hydrochloride, 10.624 gof hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel® E5 Premium) is dissolved in211.760 g of purified water USP. The mixture is rinsed with 41.232 g ofpurified water USP. 6.843 g of Opadry® White YS-1-7003 is dispersed into61.760 g of water and mixed for 1 hour. The solution is sprayed onto a200 g batch of controlled release tablets having 17.5% coating level(Batch 2), using a fluidized bed coater employing the followingconditions: product temperature of 45±5° C.; atomization pressure of1±0.5 bar; and a spray rate of 2-50 ml/min.

Once the immediate release coating solution has been consumed, theOpadry® dispersion is sprayed on the tablets. The immediate releasecoated tablets are dried in the fluidized bed coater for approximately20 minutes. The final tablets have approximately 9 mg of methylphenidateHCl in the immediate release coating and approximately 27 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl in the core.

Dissolutions studies for drug release were conducted with USP apparatusNo 1, at 100 rpm in 500 ml of pH 7.5 phosphate buffer (n=12) atintervals over 10 hour for the first and second batches as depicted inTABLE 4 and FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively, are as follows:

TABLE 4 First Batch Second Batch % dissolved % dissolved 1 hour  24% 23%2 hours 26% 23% 3 hours 39% 30% 4 hours 53% 42% 6 hours 81% 67% 7 hours95% 80% 8 hours 102%  95% 10 hours  104%  101% 

Example 4

A 50.22 kg batch of once a day controlled release methylphenidatetablets in accordance with the present invention is prepared by firstforming methylphenidate cores containing approximately 40.5 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl, and 13.5 mg of methylphenidate HCl in the immediaterelease layer as follows:

(a) Core

5.468 kg of methylphenidate HCl and 31.6 kg of lactose monohydrate, NF,3.038 kg of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel K-100M Premium),0.2025 kg of colloidal silicon dioxide (CAB-O-SIL) are delumped bypassing the compounds through a 20 mesh screen and then mixed in asuitable blender for 20 minutes. 0.2025 kg of magnesium stearate isscreened and added to the drug mixture and blended for an additional 5minutes. After all the ingredients are blended together, the mixture iscompressed into tablets using a rotary press fitted with 11/32″ roundstandard concave punches. The target hardness is about 13 kp.

The tablets are then coated with a controlled release coating asfollows:

(b) Controlled Release Coating

0.6271 kg of methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit S 100), 1.881 kg ofzein NF (regular Grade F4000), 0.2090 kg acetyltributyl citrate, NF and2.508 kg of talc USP are dispersed in 23.72 kg of isopropyl alcohol USPand 4.230 kg of purified water (USP) while stirring with a homogenizer1.664 kg of isopropyl alcohol, USP was used to rinse the homogenizer andadded to the dispersion. The coating suspension is then sprayed onto thetablets in a pan coater employing the following conditions: producttemperature of 25-35° C.; atomization pressure of approximately 25-55psi; and a spray rate of 40-100 ml/min.

Once the controlled release coating suspension has been applied to thelot of core tablets, the controlled release coated tablets are dried ondrying trays in an oven at 60±5° C. for 16 hours to allow for curing ofthe coating. Once the controlled release coated tablets are Cured animmediate release methylphenidate HCl coating is applied to thecontrolled release coated tablets as follows:

(c) Immediate Release Coat

1.830 kg of methylphenidate hydrochloride, 1.826 kg of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Methocel® E5 Premium) and 0.0041 kg of fumaric acid NFare dissolved in 42.088 kg of purified water USP. 1.895 kg of Opadry® IIRed 85F15266 is dispersed into 10.171 kg of water and mixed for 1 hour.The drug solution is sprayed onto the controlled release tablets using apan coater employing the following conditions: product temperature of35-55° C.; atomization pressure of approximately 25-55 psi; and a sprayrate of 50-150 ml/min. The tablets were further film and polish coatedthen weighed. The final tablets have approximately 13.5 mg ofmethylphenidate HCl in the immediate release coating and approximately40.5 mg of methylphenidate HCl in the core.

The dissolution profile for the formulations in Example 4 was conductedwith USP apparatus No 1, at 100 rpm, N=12 and pH 7.5 phosphate buffer atintervals over 10 hours, depicted in the graph of FIG. 6 and TABLE 5 asfollows:

TABLE 5 Time % dissolved 0.5 hour   24% 1 hour  24% 2 hours 30% 4 hours53% 8 hours 90% 10 hours  100% 

The resulting tablets for the formulations in Example 4 were tested inhuman subjects along with CONCERTA™ brand methylphenidate HCl tablets.Subjects were given either a single dose of 54 mg of methylphenidatecontrolled release formulation described herein or an equivalent amountin a single dose of CONCERTA™ brand sustained release methylphenidateHCl tablet under fasting and non-fasting conditions. The results of thein vivo testing are provided in TABLE 6 and TABLE 7 representing fastingand non-fasting conditions, respectively.

TABLE 6 (FASTING) N = 28 Methylphenidate Lower Upper controlled releaseConcerta ™ % Ratio Limit, Limit C_(max) 14.92 15.49 96.30 90.79, 102.15AUC_(inf) 142.16 143.58 99.01 95.73, 102.17 T_(max2) 7.10 6.01 118.13

TABLE 7 (NON-FASTING) N = 23 Methylphenidate Lower Upper controlledrelease Concerta ™ % Ratio Limit, Limit C_(max) 13.69 14.37 95.30 88.83,102.24 AUC_(inf) 145.32 153.22 94.84 91.95, 97.83  T_(max2) 9.01 6.32142.57

While certain preferred and alternative embodiments of the inventionhave been set forth for purposes of disclosing the invention,modifications to the disclosed embodiments may occur to those who areskilled in the art. Accordingly, this specification is intended to coverall embodiments of the invention and modifications thereof which do notdepart from the spirit and scope of the invention.

We claim:
 1. A controlled release methylphenidate tablet comprising: (a)a compressed mixture comprising: (i) methylphenidate or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or isomer thereof; (ii) 1 to about 50%of a water soluble binder that gels or swells in the presence of waterselected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or mixtures of the foregoing; (iii) adiluent; and (iv) a lubricant; and (b) a controlled release coatingsurrounding the compressed mixture comprising: (i) about 5 to about 95weight percent of the controlled release coating of an enteric polymerselected from the group consisting of zein, poly(methacrylic acid,methyl methacrylate) 1:2, shellac or mixtures thereof; (ii) aplasticizer selected from a group consisting of acetyltributyl citrate,triacetin, acetylated monoglyceride, coconut oil, poloxamer,acetyltriethyl citrate, glycerin, sorbitol, diethyl oxalate,diethylmalate, diethylfumerate, dibutylsuccinate, diethylmalonate,dioctylphthalate, dibutylphthalate, dibutyl sebacate, triethyl citrate,tributylcitrate, glyceroltributyrate, polyethylene glycol, propyleneglycol and mixtures; and (iii) optionally an antisticking agent; and (c)an initial immediate dose of methylphenidate or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof; an immediate release coating comprisingmethylphenidate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof whereinthe immediate release coating provides wherein the controlled releasemethylphenidate tablet exhibits the following dissolution profile whentested in a United States Pharmacopeia type 2 (paddle) apparatus at 50rpms in 900 ml of phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.5 and at 37° C.: 1-35%of the methylphenidate is released after 1 hour; 5-40% of themethylphenidate is released after 2 hours; not less than 25% of themethylphenidate is released after 4 hours; and not less than 70% of themethylphenidate is released after 10 hours; and when administered tohumans exhibits a maximum plasma concentration of about 3 to about 20ng/ml; an AUC₀₋₂₄ of about 30 to about 200 ng hr/ml and; whenadministered to humans produces a plasma peak for the initial immediatedose (T_(max1)) between 1 and 5 hours, and a plasma peak for thecompressed mixture (T_(max2)) between 4 and 12 hours.
 2. The controlledrelease methylphenidate tablet as defined in claim 1 where theanti-sticking agent is selected from the group consisting of talc,glyceryl monostearates, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, stearicacid, glyceryl behenate, and polyethylene glycol.
 3. The controlledrelease methylphenidate tablet as defined in claim 2 wherein saidanti-sticking agent is talc.
 4. The controlled release methylphenidatetablet as defined in claim 1 that exhibits the following dissolutionprofile when tested in a United States Pharmacopeia type 2 (paddle)apparatus at 50 rpms in 900 ml of phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.5 andat 37° C.: 1-30% of the methylphenidate is released after 1 hour; notless than 30% of the methylphenidate is released after 4 hours; and notless than 80% of the methylphenidate is release after 10 hours.
 5. Thecontrolled release methylphenidate tablet as defined in claim 1 thatexhibits the following dissolution profile when tested in a UnitedStates Pharmacopeia type 2 (paddle) apparatus at 50 rpms in 900 ml ofphosphate buffer with a pH of 7.5 and at 37° C.: 5-30% of themethylphenidate is released after 1 hour; 10-35% of the methylphenidateis released after 2 hours; not less than 30% of the methylphenidate isreleased after 4 hours; and not less than 80% of the methylphenidate isrelease after 10 hours.
 6. The controlled release methylphenidate tabletas defined in claim 1 wherein the controlled release coating comprisespoly(methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate) 1:2.
 7. A controlled releasemethylphenidate hydrochloride tablet comprising: (a) a compressedmixture comprising: (i) methylphenidate hydrochloride; (ii) 1 to about50% of a water soluble binder that gels or swells in the presence ofwater selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or mixtures of the foregoing; (iii) adiluent; and (iv) a lubricant; and (b) a controlled release coatingsurrounding the compressed mixture comprising: (i) about 5 to about 95weight percent of the controlled release coating of an enteric polymerselected from the group consisting of zein, poly(methacrylic acid,methyl methacrylate) 1:2, shellac or mixtures thereof; (ii) aplasticizer selected from a group consisting of acetyltributyl citrate,triacetin, acetylated monoglyceride, coconut oil, poloxamer,acetyltriethyl citrate, glycerin, sorbitol, diethyloxalate,diethylmalate, diethylfumerate, dibutylsuccinate, diethylmalonate,dioctylphthalate, dibutylphthalate, dibutylsebacate, triethyl citrate,tributylcitrate, glyceroltributyrate, polyethylene glycol, propyleneglycol and mixtures; and (iii) optionally an antisticking agent; and (c)an initial immediate dose of methylphenidate hydrochloride wherein thecontrolled release methylphenidate tablet exhibits the followingdissolution profile when tested in a United States Pharmacopeia type 2(paddle) apparatus at 50 rpms in 900 ml of phosphate buffer with a pH of7.5 and at 37° C.: 1-35% of the methylphenidate is released after 1hour; 5-40% of the methylphenidate is released after 2 hours; not lessthan 25% of the methylphenidate is released after 4 hours; and not lessthan 70% of the methylphenidate is released after 10 hours; and whenadministered to humans exhibits a maximum plasma concentration of about3 to about 20 ng/ml; an AUC₀₋₂₄ of about 30 to about 200 ng hr/ml and;an immediate release coating comprising methylphenidate hydrochloridewherein the immediate release coating provides when administered tohumans produces a plasma peak for the initial immediate dose (T_(max1))between 1 and 5 hours, and a plasma peak for the compressed mixture(T_(max2)) between 4 and 12 hours.
 8. The controlled releasemethylphenidate hydrochloride tablet as defined in claim 7 wherein thecontrolled release coating comprises poly(methacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate) 1:2.